Acute leukemia refers to serious medical conditions related to cancerous growth of white blood cells. This book gives a broad overview of the elementary mechanisms underlying the extent of acute leukemia, current development, and future prospects in the management of this disease. The book talks about a categorization of acute leukemia, while considering the diagnoses reliant on methods that are crucial, and easily accessible, in the laboratory. It also discusses current advances in molecular biology, markers, receptors, and signaling molecules accountable for disease progression, diagnostics built upon biochips and other molecular genetic analysis. These developments equip clinicians with essential understanding and enhanced decision-making towards the most appropriate therapy for acute leukemia. Biochemical, structural, and genetic studies may import a new era of epigenetic based drugs besides supplementary molecular targets that will shape the basis for new treatment strategies. This book also includes pediatric acute leukemia, highlighting that children are not small adults when we talk about drug development. It also covers the topics like treatment of the disease, as chemotherapy- induced toxicity is yet an important clinical matter. The major challenge lies in minimizing the frequency and solemnity of unfortunate effects while managing efficacy and preventing over-treatment of patients.