The Continuum Encyclopedia of Modern Criticism and Theory offers the student and scholar of literary and cultural studies the most comprehensive, single volume guide to the history and development of modern criticism in the humanities. In a clearly organized format, this major reference work takes the reader through introductions to historically influential philosophers, literary critics, schools of thought and movements from Spinoza and Descartes to Phenomenology and Heidegger, before turning to its three principal areas of critical attention: Europe, North America and Great Britain.ForewordPart I Critical Discourse in EuropeRene Descartes and Baruch Spinoza: Beginnings Warren Montag, Occidental CollegeImmanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Jacques Lazra, University of Wisconsin-MadisonJohann Christian Friedrich H?lderlin V?ronique M. F?ti, Pennsylvania State UniversityKarl Marx Robert C. Holub, University of California, BerkeleyCharles Baudelaire and St?phane Mallarm? Elizabeth Constable, University of California, DavisFriedrich Nietzsche Robert C. Holub, University of California, BerkeleySigmund Freud Juliet Flower MacCannell, University of California, IrvineFerdinand de Saussure and Structural Linguistics Kenneth Womack, Pennsylvania State University, AltoonaEdmund Husserl Claire Colebrook, Stirling UniversityPhenomenology Ullrich Michael Haase, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityGaston Bachelard and George Canguilhem: Epistemology in France Alison Ross, Monash University, and Amir Ahmadi, University of SydneyJean Paulhan and/versus Francis Ponge Jan Baetens, Katholieke universiteit, LeuvenGy?rgy Luk?cs Mitchell R. Lewis, Oklahoma UniversityRussian Formalism, the Moscow Linguistics Circle, and Prague Structuralism: Boris Eichenbaum, Jan Mukarovsky, Victor Shklovsky, Yuri Tynyanov, Roman Jakobson Kenneth Womack, Pennsylvania State University, AltoonaLudwig Wittgenstein William Flesch, Brandeis UniversityMartin Heidegger Claire ColebrooklĂu