Energy Storage in Electric Power Grids [Hardcover]

This book deals with the management and valuation of energy storage in electric power grids, highlighting the interest of storage systems in grid applications and developing management methodologies based on artificial intelligence tools.  The authors highlight the importance of storing electrical energy, in the context of sustainable development, in smart grids , and discuss multiple services that storing electrical energy can bring.  Methodological tools are provided to build an energy management system storage following a generic approach. These tools are based on causal formalisms, artificial intelligence and explicit optimization techniques and are presented throughout the book in connection with concrete case studies.

FOREWORD xi

INTRODUCTION xiii

CHAPTER 1. ISSUES IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE 1

1.1. Difficulties of storing electrical energy 1

1.2. Why store electrical energy? 3

1.3. Value enhancement of storage in electrical grids 6

1.4. Storage management 9

1.5. Bibliography 13

CHAPTER 2. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ENERGY STORAGE 17

2.1. Introduction 17

2.2. Storage technologies 17

2.3. Characteristics of a storage system 19

2.3.1. Energy storage capacity 19

2.3.2. Maximum power and time constant 20

2.3.3. Energy losses and efficiency 20

2.3.4. Aging 21

2.3.5. Costs 21

2.3.6. Energy and specific power 22

2.3.7. Response time 23

2.3.8. Gray energy 24

2.3.9. State of energy 24

2.3.10. Other characteristics 25

2.4. Hydraulic storage 26<lS%