Malformations [Paperback]

Vesicoureteral Reflux.- A. Definition of Reflux.- B. Anatomy of the Ureterovesical Junction.- I. Contribution of the Ureter and Trigone to the Formation of the Ureterovesical Junction.- II. The Vesical Component of the Ureterovesical Valve.- 1. The Mucosal Layer.- 2. The Inner Longitudinal Muscle Layer.- 3. The Middle Circular Muscle Layer.- 4. The Outer Longitudinal Muscle Layer.- C. Innervation.- D. Physiology of the Ureterovesical Valve.- I. The Effect of Interrupting the Anatomical Continuity between the Ureter and the Trigone.- II. The Effect of Cutting the Nerves that Supply the Trigonal Muscle.- III. The Effect of Active Contraction of the Trigone on the Resistance of the Intravesical Ureter.- IV. The Effect of Active Contraction of the Trigone in Tightening and Occluding the Intravesical Ureter during Voiding.- E. Pathology of the Ureterovesical Junction.- I. Structural Changes at the Ureterovesical Junction.- 1. Conditions in which the Ureteral Hiatus Moves Downward in Relationship to the Ureteral Orifice.- 2. Conditions in which the Ureteral Orifice Moves Upward in Relation to the Ureteral Hiatus.- II. The Effect of Vesical Edema on the Ureterovesical Junction.- III. Congenital Anomalies of the Ureter.- IV. Maturation of the Intravesical Ureter.- V. Concept of the Marginally Competent Ureterovesical Junction.- F. Classification of Reflux by Etiology.- I. Reflux Due to Trigonal Weakness.- II. Reflux Due to Obstruction at or below the Bladder Neck.- III. Reflux Due to Neurogenic Vesical Disease.- IV. Reflux Due to Edema of the Bladder Wall.- V. Reflux Due to Congenital Anomalies.- VI. Reflux Due to Iatrogenic Causes.- G. Etiology of Nonocclusive Ureteral Dilatation (Megaloureter).- I. Factors that Increase the Volume of Urine in the Ureter.- 1. Dilation of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter by Forced Intake of Fluids.- 2. Dilation of the Upper Urinary Tract Due to Diabetes Insipidus.- 3. Dilation of the Pelvis of a Kidney Forced to Increase its Output after Unilatel#7