Reactions with Variable-Charge Soils [Paperback]

A1 The ionic species present in soil solutions.- Dissociation constants.- Values for dissociation constants.- The behaviour of some typical anions.- The behaviour of some cations.- A2 Variable charge oxides as soil constituents and as models of soil constituents.- The oxides present in soils.- Synthetic oxides as models of soil oxides.- The reaction of cations with oxides.- The reaction of anions with oxides.- Changes in charge resulting from adsorption.- Summary.- A3 Describing and explaining the adsorption behaviour of oxides.- The differences between describing and explaining.- The single-plane model.- The three-plane model.- The four-plane model.- Summary.- A4 The rate of reaction with oxides.- The rate of the adsorption reaction.- The rate of the second reaction.- Description of date using the model for rate of reaction.- Consequences of the model of the rate of reaction.- Summary.- A5 The four-plane model and how it works.- Varying the charge parameters.- Varying the parameters that describe adsorption.- Varying the dissociation characteristics.- Varying the background electrolyte.- Varying the amount of adsorption.- Summary.- A6 Fixed charge and variable charge components in soil.- The definition of surface charge.- The effects of adsorbed ions.- Separating permanent and fixed charge.- Is it important to distinguish permanent and variable charge?.- A7 The reaction of anions and cations with soil.- The effects of concentration on sorption.- Effects of time on sorption.- Describing the rate of the reaction.- The effect of level of application.- Effects of temperature.- Repeated additions of a nutrient and desorption.- Effects of pH and of electrolyte concentration 71 Summary.- A8 Modelling the reaction of anions and cations with soil.- The three assumptions of the model.- The formal equations of the model.- Modelling the characteristics of sorption.- The individual effects of the parameters of the model.- Summary.- B1 Speciation in solution.- Contains BASIC prol£&